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Nicole SharpSalt Fingers <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/DDinsta1.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/DDinsta2.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/DDinsta3.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> Any time a fluid under gravity has areas of differing density, it convects. We’re used to thinking of this in terms of temperature — “hot air rises” — but temperature isn’t the only source of convection. Differences in concentration — like salinity in water — cause convection, too. This video shows a special, more complex case: what happens when there are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_diffusive_convection" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">two sources of density gradient</a>, each of which diffuses at a different rate.The classic example of this occurs in the ocean, where colder fresher water meets warmer, saltier water (and vice versa). Cold water tends to sink. So does saltier water. But since temperature and salinity move at different speeds, their competing convection takes on a shape that resembles dancing, finger-like plumes as seen here. (Video and image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2024.GFM.V2677989" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">M. Mohaghar et al.</a>)<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/2024gofm/" target="_blank">#2024gofm</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/convection/" target="_blank">#convection</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/double-diffusive-convection/" target="_blank">#doubleDiffusiveConvection</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/double-diffusive-instability/" target="_blank">#doubleDiffusiveInstability</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/oceanography/" target="_blank">#oceanography</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a>

Nicole SharpSimulating a SneezeSneezing and coughing can spread pathogens both through large droplets and through tiny, airborne aerosols. Understanding how the nasal cavity shapes the aerosol cloud a sneeze produces is critical to understanding and predicting how viruses could spread. Toward that end, researchers built a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0241346" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">“sneeze simulator”</a> based on the upper respiratory system’s geometry. With their simulator, the team mimicked violent exhalations both with the nostrils open and closed — to see how that changed the shape of the aerosol cloud produced.The researchers found that closed nostrils produced a cloud that moved away along a 18 degree downward tilt, whereas an open-nostril cloud followed a 30-degree downward slope. That means having the nostrils open reduces the horizontal spread of a cloud while increasing its vertical spread. Depending on the background flow that will affect which parts of a cloud get spread to people nearby. (Image and research credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0241346" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">N. Catalán et al.</a>; via <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/sneeze-simulator-could-improve-predictions-of-pathogen-spread/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Physics World</a>)<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/aerosols/" target="_blank">#aerosols</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/biology/" target="_blank">#biology</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/coughing/" target="_blank">#coughing</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/covid-19/" target="_blank">#COVID19</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/disease-transmission/" target="_blank">#diseaseTransmission</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/droplets/" target="_blank">#droplets</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/sneezing/" target="_blank">#sneezing</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/turbulence/" target="_blank">#turbulence</a>

Nicole SharpImaging a New Era of Supersonic TravelSupersonic commercial travel was briefly possible in the twentieth century when the Concorde flew. But the window-rattling sonic boom of that aircraft made governments restrict supersonic travel over land. Now a new generation of aviation companies are revisiting the concept of supersonic commercial travel with technologies that help dampen the irritating effects of a plane’s shock waves.One such company, Boom Supersonic, partnered with NASA to capture the above schlieren image of their experimental XB-1 aircraft in flight. The diagonal lines spreading from the nose, wings, and tail of the aircraft mark shock waves. It’s those shock waves’ interactions with people and buildings on the ground that causes problems. But the XB-1 is testing out scalable methods for producing weaker shock waves that dissipate before reaching people down below, thus reducing the biggest source of complaints about supersonic flight over land. (Image credit: Boom Supersonic/NASA; via <a href="https://qz.com/supersonic-jet-breaking-the-sound-barrier-nasa-boom-1851767562" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Quartz</a>) <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/aircraft/" target="_blank">#aircraft</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/schlieren-photography/" target="_blank">#schlierenPhotography</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/shockwave/" target="_blank">#shockwave</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/supersonic/" target="_blank">#supersonic</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/supersonic-flight/" target="_blank">#supersonicFlight</a>

Nicole SharpSalt Affects Particle Spreading <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/salt_mp1.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/salt_mp2-1.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/salt_mp3-1.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> Microplastics are proliferating in our oceans (and everywhere else). This video takes a look at how salt and salinity gradients could affect the way plastics move. The researchers begin with a liquid bath sandwiched between a bed of magnets and electrodes. Using Lorentz forcing, they create an essentially 2D flow field that is ordered or chaotic, depending on the magnets’ configuration. Although it’s driven very differently, the flow field resembles the way the upper layer of the ocean moves and mixes. The researchers then introduce colloids (particles that act as an analog for microplastics) and a bit of salt. Depending on the salinity gradient in the bath, the colloids can be attracted to one another or repelled. As the team shows, the resulting spread of colloids depends strongly on these salinity conditions, suggesting that microplastics, too, could see stronger dispersion or trapping depending on salinity changes. (Video and image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2024.GFM.V2641007" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">M. Alipour et al.</a>)<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/2024gofm/" target="_blank">#2024gofm</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/electrohydrodynamics/" target="_blank">#electrohydrodynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/geophysics/" target="_blank">#geophysics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/magnetic-field/" target="_blank">#magneticField</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/plastic-pollution/" target="_blank">#plasticPollution</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/turbulence/" target="_blank">#turbulence</a>

Nicole SharpVisualizing Unstable Flames <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/thermo_instab1.gif" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/thermo_instab2.gif" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> <a class="" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/wp-content/uploads/thermo_instab3.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a> Inside a combustion chamber, temperature fluctuations can cause sound waves that also disrupt the flow, in turn. This is called a thermoacoustic instability. In this video, researchers explore this process by watching how flames move down a tube. The flame fronts begin in an even curve that flattens out and then develops waves like those on a vibrating pool. Those waves grow bigger and bigger until the flame goes completely turbulent. Visually, it’s mesmerizing. Mathematically, it’s a lovely example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_oscillator" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">parametric resonance</a>, where the flame’s instability is fed by system’s natural harmonics. (Video and image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2024.GFM.V2561866" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">J. Delfin et al.</a>; research credit: J. Delfin et al. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132344" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">1</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105322" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2</a>)<a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/2024gofm/" target="_blank">#2024gofm</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/combustion/" target="_blank">#combustion</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/combustion-instability/" target="_blank">#combustionInstability</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flame/" target="_blank">#flame</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/instability/" target="_blank">#instability</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/parametric-resonance/" target="_blank">#parametricResonance</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/resonance/" target="_blank">#resonance</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/thermoacoustic-instability/" target="_blank">#thermoacousticInstability</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/turbulence/" target="_blank">#turbulence</a>

Santiago Andrés TrianaThe obstacle is a pencil, stationary, while the lazy Susan spins underneath with the fluid. The <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/rheoscopic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#rheoscopic</a> fluid (more on that on another post) allows the currents to be seen easily. An instability makes the fluid "oscillate" and create the von Kármán vortices as it flows around the pencil. Here's a video:[3/4] <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/eddies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#eddies</a> <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/flowVisualization" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/fluidDynamics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/fluidsAsArt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#fluidsAsArt</a> <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/physics" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/science" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#science</a>

Nicole SharpIn what seems to be a tradition now, a group at MIT imagined how the Millennium Falcon would perform if it lost its engines during atmospheric flight. Their hypothetical scenario took place in the Battle of Endor, with the Falcon flying at an altitude of 2 kilometers.* Could Han Solo and Chewbecca safely glide the craft down? Using computational fluid dynamics, the group found the Millennium Falcon has a glide ratio of only 1.8, meaning it travels forward 1.8 kilometers in the time it takes to lose one kilometer of altitude. Its namesake bird, on the other hand, has a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.52.2.345" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">glide ratio of 10</a>. The Corellian freighter might not be the best glider out there, but the team estimated that it could safely manage its 3.6 kilometer glide down. (Image credit: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2023.GFM.P0049" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">S. Costa et al.</a>; see also X-Wing Re-entry and AT-AT Flow)*I’m definitely overthinking this, but now I’m really wondering what atmospheric characteristics they used for Endor. And what’s Endor’s gravity like?<a href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/2024/05/millennium-falcons-glide/" class="" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://fyfluiddynamics.com/2024/05/millennium-falcons-glide/</a><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/2023gofm/" target="_blank">#2023gofm</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/flow-visualization/" target="_blank">#flowVisualization</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/fluid-dynamics/" target="_blank">#fluidDynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/gliding/" target="_blank">#gliding</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/physics/" target="_blank">#physics</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/science/" target="_blank">#science</a> <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="hashtag u-tag u-category" href="https://fyfluiddynamics.com/tagged/star-wars/" target="_blank">#starWars</a>

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